International Organizations and World Order Essay

After First World War, there was call for development of global association to acquire request the world. The idea prompted the arrangement of the League of Nations because of the conviction of the then leader of the United States of America, President Woodrow Wilson who was sure that the move would forestall future clash if just countries would meet up to protect the standards of self-assurance and autonomy. The advancement of the League of Nations was frustrated when the United States wouldn't go along with it. It was additionally impeded by the radical political belief systems and force competition that existed around then ever, which was 1930s. Because of the flare-up of Second World War that finished in 1945, there was more worry that prompted the arrangement of another global association for the sake of United Nations. The Bretton woods meeting, which is the purpose behind the presence International Monetary Fund, and the World Bank just as the Dumbarton Oaks Conference came to presence in 1944. The establishment do the United Nation was laid by the partners of the association (Owen, 1996). As per Owen (1996, p. 9) the majority of the global associations were framed with an aim of remaking Europe, which was genuinely crushed after the war against Nazi Germany. The vast majority of the International associations that were shaped after World War II turned out to be increasingly dynamic in the 1960 where their exercises were extended to address the new difficulties on account of European colonization, which remembered autonomous however politically juvenile and poor countries for Latin America, African and Asia. A large portion of the worldwide associations were begun in the 19the century. Owen (1996, p. 10) expresses that â€Å"More as of late, with the vulnerabilities and hazards which have followed the closure of the Cold War, global associations have stepped in to adapt with the impacts of the subsequent clashes and strains, a significant number of them inside states instead of between states n the procedure, numerous UN bodies have been discovered needing. The workplace f the United Nations Disaster Relief Coordinator (UNDRO), for instance was established in 1971. † Some of the universal associations incorporate territorial Arab Maghreb Union (AMU), which was shaped in 1989 with a target of setting up normal military, social and monetary strategies to guarantee free development of products, administrations and individuals between part states. The Member countries of Arab Maghreb Union incorporate Morocco, Libya, Algeria, Tunisia and Mauritania (Schafer, Verbist, and Imhoos, 2005). Another International Organization is Asia Pacific Economic co-activity Forum (APEC) was shaped in 1989 to advance linearization of economy in the Pacific locale. Relationship of South East Asian countries (ASEAN) was shaped in 1967 to supplant ASA (Association of South East Asia). The part countries of ASEA incorporate Australia, United States of America, Japan and New Zealand. The fundamental target of the association is to advance normal monetary, political and exchanging strategies. There is likewise another global association for the sake of Caribbean Community (CARICOM), which was shaped in 1965 to guarantee monetary participation in Caribbean normal market, to set up basic strategies in instruction, wellbeing, culture, modern connection and correspondence and to arrange international strategy among the part countries. The affiliations of the CARICOM as indicated by Owen incorporate â€Å"Caribbean Development Bank; Caribbean Examinations Council; Caribbean Meteorological Organization; Council of Legal Education; University of Guyana; University of the West Indies; West Indies Shipping Corporation†. The Common riches is another significant worldwide association that is in bleeding edge attempting to address contemporary worldwide issues. Province was framed in 1884 and it became out of the British Empire. The targets of the Commonwealth are to empower countries from various pieces of the world to trade sentiments in a casual, well disposed and close climate. Ward has part countries, which as indicated by Owen (1996, p. 11) incorporate â€Å"Australia, Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Botswana, Brunei Darussalam, Canada, Cyprus, and Dominica. Others are: Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guyana, India, Jamaica, Kenya, Kiribati, Lesotho, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Malta, Mauritius, Namibia, Nauru, New Zealand, Nigeria, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, St Kitts-Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent and the Grenadines, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Swaziland, Tanzania, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tuvalu, Uganda, the United Kingdom, Vanuatu, Western Samoa, Zambia, Zimbabwe. † There are a few other International associations, for example, Commonwealth of Independent States, Council of Europe, European facilitated commerce affiliation (EFTA), European association (EU), inlet co-activity chamber (GCC), Mercosur (Mercado Commun del Sur-southern basic market), African association (AU), Organization of American States (OAS), Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC), South Pacific Forum, Southern African Development Community (SADC) among others. As per Mendlovitz (1966, p5) â€Å"Law has again and again been considered in static terms as an arrangement of request intended to maintain the state of affairs. In any lawful framework, regardless of whether national, territorial, or worldwide in scope, law additionally has a unique angle which permits it to make a commitment to ventures for social change. † Saul Mendlovitz further expresses that â€Å"international law to the hypothesized objective of a warless world with a passage from an article that thinks about how law may assist us with moving from where we are to where we might want to be; it is this hole makes what we have called the progress issue. † In this new age, there has risen a vas and old overall scheme called the New World Order, which expects to join the whole world under one government. The New World Order idea was brought into the word reference of the worldwide governmental issues after the breakdown of Communism in Eastern Europe (Slaughter, 2004). The previous leader of the United States of America George Bush was the primary who emphatically conjure the thought in light of the Gulf emergency. Along these lines, the idea followed to 1991, when Iraq attacked Kuwait and when the virus war finished. As indicated by Ismael (1994), he expresses that â€Å"Thus, the finish of the virus war and Iraq’s attack of Kuwait in August 1991 comprise the authentic reference focuses for the idea. This recommends in any event two measurements in its importance: the finish of a worldwide request dictated by the battle for authority between the United States and the Soviet Union; and the commencement of a U. S. international strategy convention dependent on U. S. authority in the universal request. † When president George Bush was pursuing a war of words with the then the leader of Iraq Saddam Hussein in 1990 he slandered him and alluded to his exertion as an endeavor to build up another world request (Wells, 2008). Many were energized by the exertion of Bush from the outset since they thought the leader of the United States was advancing majority rule government in the area as he had done in the Eastern Europe. Shockingly that was not to be acknowledged as Ishmael (1994) says, Bush was resolved in setting up authority. The district after the bay war in Iraq and Kuwait has stayed precarious strategically. As indicated by Lloyd (2002, p. 1) New world Order was a delicate creation that rose after September 11 assault. Lloyd states, â€Å"Before 11 September, the new (left) world request was a conditional, even delicate, creation. It rose up out of new Labor in 1997 as a moral measurement in international strategy, declared by the then outside secretary, Robin Cook, as a characteristic augmentation of the globe’s association. The world had become an ethical discussion through the media and crafted by non-administrative associations (NGOs). † The world found a sense of contentment before the assault on the United States to the degree that most world pioneers adulated the state wherein the world was. A portion of the individuals who were at the cutting edge of the new thought of new world request are Robert cooper and Anthony Giddens, a senior negotiator and an executive of the London school of Economics separately. Giddens was for the possibility that globalization could then occur in light of the fact that there was a condition of harmony that was a formula to one worldwide administration. The globalization, he contended would move power from the countries into the worldwide space prompting the require the need of guideline to control the administration. Copper then again contended that new world request will prompt a move in esteem where there will be a triumph of estimations of individual of those of state and those of market over the military ones and international strategy will no longer to be about war (Lloyd, 2002, p. 1). Worldwide court creation came in to being after two endeavors to sort out a universal court had fizzled (Mower, 1931, p. 616). Under the steady gaze of there was, a court called The Hague Permanent Court of International Arbitration, which couldn't give the truly necessary equity in the worldwide level as the current International Criminal Court. Other global courts manage diverse legitimate issues. For example, there are courts that manage human rights at the worldwide level, which incorporate African Court of Justice (ACJ), African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights (ACHPR), European Court of Human Rights and International-American Court of Human rights. Others incorporate International Court of Justice (ICJ), International Criminal Court (ICC), and Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA), Resource materials on International Courts and Special International Criminal Courts and Tribunals. As indicated by Class Action Publisher (2008), there are seven uncommon universal criminal courts and council, which remember Extraordinary Chambers for the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC), International Criminal court for th

Bachelor of Business Apple Inc

Question: Talk about theBachelor of Businessfor Apple Inc. Answer: Presentation The showcasing of an item is one of the significant segments in the existence pattern of an item (Papadopoulos and Heslop 2014). This report would examine the premise of division, for example, segment, geographic, psychographic, use rate and advantage. The focusing on methodology would likewise be characterized. The examination of the situating bases is likewise done. The organization chose with the end goal of study is Apple Inc. Conversation Investigation and Segmentation Variables Apple has made division polices dependent on the various factors, for example, geographic, segment, psychographic, use rate and advantage. They are examined as underneath Geographic-These division depends on the district and the thickness of the Apple items. The objective geographic division of Apple is United States of America and the worldwide market (Nagamia 2015). Apple has wandered in all the significant markets all around the globe (Pisano 2015). The thickness rules show that Apple is packed in the urban populace. Segment This division has models dependent on age, sex, occupation, salary gathering and the level of reliability (Sharma and Lambert 2013). The brand targets age gathering of 20-45 and is well known among the two guys and female partners. The division of the brand lays on the high workers and the in-your-face steadfast who are faithful with the organization. Psychographic-This sort of division considers the social class, client status, way of life and the character of the clients (Muhsin et al. 2014). The brand targets individuals who have a place with the center and upper working class and people with high class. The brand targets decided just as yearning people. Use rate-The utilization rate depends on the idea of item use which ranges from medium to high for the Apple brand. Advantages The various advantages on which the division is based are the feeling of having a place just as accomplishment, productivity, speed of conveyance and the propelled highlights (Nagamia 2015). Examination of Targeting Strategy An average focusing on system relies upon the division of the market, choice of the best promoting methodology and the assurance of the items that would be executed in the specific fragment. The organization utilizes psychographic division procedures for focusing on the clients (Hardcastle and Hagger 2015). It utilizes ways of life, social class and character of the clients. The organization focuses on the populace dependent on the idea of the clients having a place with the market portions (Kotler et al. 2015). The organization chooses the potential clients dependent on the rewarding markets in which it is conceivable to sell their items. The brand expects to give numerous items to the objective market, for example, iPad, iPhone, Mac, iCloud, iLife and other (Dreyer and White 2015). The results of Apple brand take into account the superior client portions and are costly. Subsequently, the organization picks its client portion as needs be (Nagamia 2015). It focuses on the center pay gathering and for the most part the world class or the super-rich for focusing on their items. Examination of Positioning Bases The center fitness of Apple lies in giving the remarkable client support to the objective market crowd. They likewise endeavor to make their items simple to utilize and basic with the goal that the clients would think that its simpler to utilize them. For instance, the Apple Watch which is similarly simple to work just as it is easy to use (Nagamia 2015). The brand situated themselves as the cell phones organization which made a picture that the organization has parcel numerous to offer to the clients other than PCs (Cornelissen 2014). The situating procedure is worried about the execution of the focusing on standards chose by the organization. The situating bases would be founded on the 4 Ps of advertising utilized by the organization. The 4Ps of showcasing incorporates the item, value, spot and advancement (Kotler et al. 2015). The accompanying situating bases are applied for Apple- Item The item is premium and thus the association would take into account the upper white collar class target showcase (Kotler et al. 2015). Value The brand has premium estimating level and subsequently it targets higher pay gatherings. This would make the organization increment the income age. Advancement The advancement occasions of the brand is a blend of distinction, amazing and useful (Kotler et al. 2015). The brand notices are being done in an insightful way which pulls in the consideration if the top notch showcase sections. Spot The brand centers around the specific and selective circulation of the items (Kotler et al. 2015). The districts where there is higher thickness of upper white collar class families and very good quality stores are being focused for this reason (Montgomerie and Roscoe 2013). References Cornelissen, J., 2014.Corporate correspondence: A manual for hypothesis and practice. Sage. Dreyer, A. furthermore, White, K.M., 2015.Managing Apple Devices: Deploying and Maintaining iOS and OS X. Peachpit Press. Hardcastle, S.J. furthermore, Hagger, M.S., 2015. Psychographic profiling for successful wellbeing conduct change interventions.Frontiers in psychology,6. Kotler, P., Burton, S., Deans, K., Brown, L. what's more, Armstrong, G., 2015.Marketing. Pearson Higher Education AU. Montgomerie, J. what's more, Roscoe, S., 2013, December. Possessing the consumerGetting deeply of the Apple plan of action. InAccounting Forum(Vol. 37, No. 4, pp. 290-299). Elsevier. Muhsin, Z.F., Rehman, An., Altameem, A., Saba, T. what's more, Uddin, M., 2014. Improved quadtree picture division way to deal with area information.The Imaging Science Journal,62(1), pp.56-62. Nagamia, N.K.A., 2015. Apple Inc-A Marketing Analysis Case Study.MacEwan University Student eJournal,2(1). Papadopoulos, N. what's more, Heslop, L.A., 2014.Product-nation pictures: Impact and job in worldwide showcasing. Routledge. Pisano, G.P., 2015. You need a development strategy.Harvard Business Review,93(6), pp.44-54. Sharma, A. what's more, Lambert, D.M., 2013. Division of business sectors dependent on client service.International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management.

The University of Michigan Fab Five Essay -- College Basketball Sports

There is by all accounts a scarcely discernible difference, a three-point line, between stretching the limits and pushing an insurgency. In 1991, five first year recruits from the University of Michigan recklessly ventured over that line reclassifying the universe of school ball as we was already aware it and simultaneously, upset the connection among style and game. These men were new in a bigger number of ways than one, making a whole country name them fantastic. They carried a hip and a bounce to a game that was beforehand level. Anybody following school ball cherished or hated to adore the Fab Five, showing that whichever way five things were on individuals' brains or TV screens. Regardless of whether you were a child asking your mother to take you to an outdoor supplies store, as was I, to get those dark Nike socks for your next game, or a grown-up watching through squinting eyes as five sets of additional huge shorts and strut lingered over your preferred group's home court, yo u were loaded with wonderment. Chris Webber, Jimmy King, Jalen Rose, Juwan Howard, and Ray Johnson showed a change of style through larger than usual disposition and garments. From that point forward, I can't help suspecting that whoever got an opportunity to know these folks from the stands or couch has been hurting for a sample of that envelope that they pushed back in the mid nineties. Each child whose most loved show was Saved by the Bell and whoever genuinely contended in ball needs to be the person who pulls his shorts down past his hips when his mother advised him to pull up before his game and play so well that he gets no boisterous attack in transit back to the vehicle. I'm left thinking about what these five folks were extremely about, and why they chose to reform the disposition of the game they played. All things considered, they appeared to design the unrest on a whimââ€"or... ...r's scandalous break. Like a Shakespearean disaster the Fab Five's peak came toward the end and same powers that made them rise made them fall. Once upon a line, these five green beans were simply thatââ€"five players that showed their interesting brought together perspectives through back street oh no and loose shorts. These five were the first to recognize the value of moving another part of that road game onto the cleaned school court. Seemingly, this transplant of dress and style was just conceivable due to their boss play, and like a few transplants, was defenseless to the ordinary malady of media consideration and promotion normal for any sorted out game. At last, just their astutely used similar sounding words moniker stays on the line they crossed each one of those years back. Green bean status, long shorts, dark socks, presumptuous demeanor. What did it make a difference? They were the Fab Five.

Outrageous Essay Samples for Grade 8 Tips

Outrageous Essay Samples for Grade 8 Tips Whatever They Told You About Essay Samples for Grade 8 Is Dead Wrong...And Here's Why It is possible to also become a variety of discounts on our site which will help you to save some more money for future orders or anything you want to spend them on. The samples will provide you with ideas on the way you answer the questions offered to you. The info has to have a superior flow. Our customer support will gladly tell you whether there are any special offers at the present time, and make sure you are getting the very best service our company may deliver. The simplest way to learn the kind of an essay is to realize the writer's point of view. You have to find the most suitable resources for your essay and patience when finding the correct inspiration to write. When you compose a brief essay, you must try to remember that there aren't any elements to be sacrificed. There's no ideal solution on how best to compose an effective essay. You've been invited to a basketball event that'll be graced by your favourite NBA star. So far as essay structure goes, a 4 or 5 paragraph essay based on the number of points you might want to argue is a superb start. If you wish to receive a high score in your essay, do your very best to present new thoughts and support your opinions. If you understand what you will create GMAT essay, be sure you search the web and read more books. Examine the expository essay samples which one can easily discover on the net nowadays. To compose an impressive short essay, especially during an examination, you must be in a position to hit the question and give a straightforward answer while at the identical time observing the proper structure of an essay. Write for or against the subject. It is not difficult to write GMAT essay when you have a guide and you've completed a good researched. Writing a high school essay if you've got the tips about how to do essay effectively. The essay will test the student wisdom and ability in answering the questions in addition to analyzing the matter. Writing an essay is a critical role in academe life. The Supreme Strategy for Essay Samples for Grade 8 In addition, it has a lengthy, protruding snout that is far longer than every other cartilaginous fish. Within the body, you should have three to four ideas. You'll begin missing home less. The animal has an odd quality that includes the jaw attached to some other bone just like the jaw. This essay is likely to end up being 300 to 600 words, so in the event you pick solid examples and make sure that you are very clear in your explanations of things, it won't really hard to reach. Assume that you're dwelling in a society which doesn't have any law. Once there is sufficient evidence on either side, then students may decide on a point of view to argue and create the claim. Always attempt to start early and give adequate time for researching dependable and academic evidence to back up your arguments. You've been invited to speak on the way to enhance the education standards for grade 8. Students learn how to write effectively when they write more frequently. They are asked to indicate how a particular sentence might be corrected or improved or how the organization or development of a paragraph might be strengthened. In 10th grade, they should be able to write and complete written compositions on a regular basis. There are a whole lot of payoffs to getting a bir thday in summer. Ultimately, in case you have a summer birthday similar to me, then you're in for a treat. Yet another payoff to getting a birthday in summer is when you return to school. It's summer, and that is why. There's, obviously, a limit on the range of pages even our finest writers can produce with a pressing deadline, but usually, we figure out how to satisfy all the clients seeking urgent assistance. There are a lot of things to do. You've been given a chance to organize an event which will be enjoyed by everyone in your neighborhood. Irrespective of how much you'll be taking that day, there are a few ways that can help you get through the essay with a minimal quantity of stress.

Mutual Funds in Business Example For Free - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 18 Words: 5455 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? A mutual fund is a collective investment scheme, which specializes in investing a pool of money collected from many investors for the purpose of investing in securities such as stocks, bonds, money market instruments and similar assets. A funds portfolio is structured and maintained to  match the investment objectives stated in its prospectus. One of the main advantages of  funds is that they give  small investors access to  professionally managed, diversified portfolios of equities, bonds and other securities, which would be quite difficult to create with a small amount of capital. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Mutual Funds in Business Example For Free" essay for you Create order 1) Income is earned from dividends on stocks and interest on bonds. A fund pays out nearly all of the  income it receives over the year to fund owners in the form of a distribution. 2) If the fund sells securities that have increased in price, the fund has a capital gain. Most funds also pass on these gains to investors in a distribution. 3) If fund holdings increase in price but are not sold by the fund manager, the funds shares increase in price. Then can sell your mutual fund shares for a profit. 1.1.2 Mutual fund industry in Pakistan: This sector is grown in Pakistan few years ago and hold around 55.3 % share in total assets of the non banks financial sectors in FY08. Net assets under management grown more than 13 times in a shorter span of time from FY02 to FY08.Average pay out for investor in FY08 was 18 % Liberalization has helped to facilitate entry of the private sector in the mutual funds industry. Historically, the industry was dominated by public sector funds. However, creation of an enabling legal framework to allow mutual funds to be set up in the private sector and transfer of ICP-managed closed end funds to two private sector investment advisers in FY03 boosted the number and size of funds under the management of the private sector, increased competition and efficiency of the sector and enhanced the quality of fund management. It also provided opportunity to financial institutions, like banks and brokerage firms, to diversify into fund management through subsidiaries and associated companies. 1.1.3 Performance Review of Non-Bank Finance Sector The public sector open-end mutual fund, NIT, by its sheer size continues to have a significant share of 31.0 percent in the net assets of the sector. As of end-June FY07, the mutual funds sector comprised of 66 funds with 47 open-end funds and19 closed-end funds. The number of funds increased to 95 by end-FY08. Open-end funds dominate the sector, due to investors preference for ease of exit and the flexibility this investment option offers. By end-FY08, the share of open-end funds in the net assets of the mutual funds sector was 86.0 percent as compared to the share of closed-end funds at 14.0 percent. Closed-end mutual funds are more suitable for long-term investors. In the absence of the continuous sale and redemption of certificates by a closed-end fund, investors can only exit the fund at the given market price of the shares/certificates in the stock market, which is generally at a discount to the NAV per share/certificate. However, lack of redemption pressure has its advantage s for the closed-end fund, particularly with respect to the ability to invest in illiquid, but high-potential small and medium-sized companies to earn high returns, optimizing investment of assets by maintaining low liquidity and saving on marketing and distribution costs. Given the usefulness of closed-end funds, necessary mechanisms may be introduced to facilitate investors who wish to exit a closed-end fund in order to address their primary concern about ease of exit. Internationally, buy-back of shares/certificates of a closed-end fund by its fund manager, prompted by trading of shares at a certain discount to the NAV, is widely used to minimize the difference between the market price of shares/certificates on the stock market and their net asset value (NAV), so that the secondary market price is not disadvantageous to investors exiting the closed-end fund. An encouraging development in the mutual funds sector is the increasing diversity of categories of funds offered for pub lic subscription, as also evident from the variety of entrants in the sector during FY08. By the close of the year, equity funds constituted almost 41.0 percent of the mutual funds sector; income funds constituted 23.9 percent, money market funds had a share of 16.2 percent, balanced funds 6.5 percent, Islamic funds 7.9 percent, while the rest consisted of miscellaneous types of funds such as tracker funds and fund of funds. While, equity funds have the largest share in the mutual funds sector in terms of the number of funds as well as the net assets under management, however, the large assortment of options for investors is a reflection of the ability of fund managers to meet the investment needs and risk profile of a variety of investors. Several studies conducted in order to evaluate the mutual fund performances while fund size has their importance in order to evaluate the fund performances. The empirical results of prior studies that examined the relationship between risk- adjusted mutual fund returns and the costs of research (the expense ratio) and costs of trading (turnover) that are associated with active investment management are conflicting (Ippolito 1993). On the other hand, Sharpe (1966) observed that mutual funds with higher reward-to-volatility ratios tend to be those with lower expenses. The growth in fund size may cause a manager to boost returns by deviating from the funds stated investment objectives. As R.B. Clelland of R.J. Metcalf Associates pointed out (Herring 1996), that Size alone does not hamper money managers; the issue is style. It really boils down to prudent restraints and portfolio diversification. With increasing size, a fund manager is likely to engage in strategies (e.g., market timing) or invest in assets that would normally not have been chosen because of policy constraints (e.g., a policy limiting change in the value-growth orientation.) Growth in the size of net assets initially provides cost advantages becau se growth increases net returns. That is, because transaction volume is relatively larger for the larger funds, brokerage commissions on the execution of trades for large firms are lower. In addition, the costs of access to data, research services, and support, as well as administrative and overhead expenses, do not rise in direct proportion to fund size. Daniel C. Indro, 1999 mentioned that effect of fund size on its return can be evaluated by measuring the relationship of funds net asset with its return. Prior studies have indicated that smaller the size of fund, the higher is its operating efficiency. Robert (1988) concluded that the smallest quartile of US funds size achieved superior performance in comparison to other quartiles. The conclusion specifically indicated that the smallest quartile had significant positive risk adjusted returns as measured by Jensen Abnormal Performance Index at 90% level of significance. Gorman (1991) also found that small mutual funds, as measured by net assets, perform slightly better than large mutual funds. These results indicate that mutual funds quickly exhaust economies of scale and experience decreased returns (Becker and Vaughan, 2001; Chen et al., 2004). Consistent with these researches, Soderlind et al. (2000) evaluated the relationship between fund performance and fund size in the Swedish market and concluded that better performance is achieved by the equity funds that are smaller in size. 1.2 Objective of Study This study is based on fund size which is an indicator of mutual fund performance measurement for fixed income and money market. Whereas size of fund, cost of transactions and performance are the main elements of evaluating mutual fund performance. Data collected of fixed income funds as well as Money market fund from 2007 to 2009. From MUFAP as well funds annual report. Size of funds, Expense ratio and Funds age variables used in this study to evaluate the performance of fixed /money market funds. The ultimate beneficial owner for this research will be investor as well as researcher who would be able to know that how all market determinants affect on mutual fund return and their performance and which factor affect most on performance and it will further elaborate that how a fixed income is safer to invest as compare to equity fund at it will also explain that how a fixed income fund is more beneficial for individual investors as well as corporate investors in comparison o f BANKS? 1.3 Hypothesis Testing In this study behavior of return with respect to fund size of fixed income fund have evaluated Fund size has a positive relationship with the return. Return ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¾ Size Expense ratio relationship with return of fund. Age of funds relationship with return of fund. Dependent Variables Return: Actual return mean profit over investment in a given period. In mutual fund it includes Dividend, capital gains, Interest realized in a year. Independent Variables Fund Size (asset under management): Net assets under management collected from each audited annual report and for the reliability and validity and also ensure the result from MUFAP database. In mutual fund industry net assets include bank deposits, certificate of investments, treasury bills and TFCs, TDR and all income receivables excluding short term liabilities such as NCCPL payments, SECP payments, Banks charges and so on. Fund Age: As the name shows age mean since when the fund is operating in market. Study have seen the impact of age on performance while collecting data. In this research all work done on yearly basis. Expense Ratio: A measure of  what it costs an  investment company to operate  a mutual  fund. An expense ratio is determined through an annual  calculation,  where  a funds operating expenses  are divided by the total assets under management .all expenses excluding brokerage cost or transaction cost divided by net assets under management. The largest component of operating expenses is the fee paid to a funds investment manager/advisor. Other costs include recordkeeping, custodial services, taxes, legal expenses, and accounting and auditing fees. Some funds  have a marketing cost referred to as a 12b-1 fee, which would also be included in operating expenses. All expenses and brokerage cost of different funds are available on annual reports. 1.4 Scope of Study This research consists of open ended fixed income and money market mutual funds for the period of 3 years (2007 till 2009). Majority of fixed income/money market funds launched in these 3 years. After the crisis of stock exchange investor tend to take interest in fixed income/money market funds in which capital amount remains safe. Limited studies conducted on fixed income fund in Pakistan Mutual fund industry. 1.5 Limitations of Study Fixed income and money market constitutes a major part of mutual fund industry and all these funds launched in last 3 years so study is based on 3 years performance. Only 14 income funds and 5 money market funds were operational in 2007 in Pakistan mutual fund industry in which companies were very small and can say non operational like AKD,AMZ,Noman Abid ,Dawood and so on. In this research study is focused on 15 funds which are big in size and hold some market share. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW In a study of (Daniel C. Indro, 1999) they mentioned that Fund size is of vital importance in order to evaluate mutual fund performance .Mutual funds must manage a minimum fund size in view of attaining satisfactory returns to substantiate their costs of obtaining and dealing with information. Moreover, there are diminishing marginal returns which becomes negative when the fund size of mutual fund exceeds. Study sample of 683 equity funds, 1993-95 periods, we evaluate that 20 % of the mutual funds were smaller fund size and 10 percent of the largest funds were over invested. Moreover value and blend fund have more to expand than growth funds from these information behavior. Growth in size of assets increases returns and offer cost advantage, this is because larger funds have more transaction volume. Previous studies related to mutual fund returns for obtaining and trading information were prove to be unsuccessful in identifying the effectiveness of investment strategy relating to f und size. Therefore in order to achieve substantial growth, right level of fund size has to be maintained in order to achieve good returns. Study reveals that blend and value funds are more likely to draw higher gains to information activities than do growth funds. An study was made by (RAUF, 2009)on open ended funds in which performance of mutual funds evaluated through different attributes such as fund size, expense ratio , turnover ratio, age,12B-1 load and liquidity and it showed a significant impact on mutual fund performance which also helped investors while making investment decisions. It is clearly mention that fund size is not helping to increase the return. As research by (Daniel C. Indro, 1999)in which they studied how fund size affects mutual fund performance? Mutual fund should also maintain an optimal size in order to get the better return which will also justify their information and research cost. In research of (Titman, 1989) they analyzed the mutual fund p erformance with their past performance on the basic of few securities attributes such as firm size, dividend yield, past return, skewness , interest rate sensitivity and CAPM beta. And found that past performance is a key attribute for investors before investing in a mutual fund. A study was conducted on the optimal size of Net assets under management by (Mack, 1997)in which they focused on economies of scale in which net assets of mutual fund should be utilized efficiently by spreading the fixed cost and as well as research cost over a large asset base. Three types of funds evaluated with their expenses and their fund size. Fund size under 20 billion to 40 billion could achieve economies of scale while small funds have space for their diversification opportunity while an optimal asset size should be a full service provider in order to get the distinctive competency in industry. A study also focused (Davis, 2001)on the relationship of performance with style of fund manager. Da ta from 1962 to 1998 was used in this research specifically for equity funds; Fama-French three factor model used in order to interpret the relation of performance with style of fund managers and concluded on the result that no investments style in the above mentioned period generated any abnormal return. A research by (Joseph Chen, 2004) on fund size affects on performance showed by the different attributes such as turnover ratio, expenses, age, flow, fund size. Study strongly showed negative relationship of funds return with fund size. Also explained that return and fund size relationship is also associated with liquidity or price impact. Large funds attract investors through advertisement and marketing activities while small funds rely more on performance to attract and maintain investors. He also mentioned the effect of fund size on performance is very loud which invested in small stocks also suggested that liquidity is a key attribute when size erodes performance of funds. The study of (Servaes, 1999)is based on sample of 1163 mutual funds opening started over the period 1979-1992, this study focuses on fund family behavior of opening new funds when there are more prospective of generating additional fee income. We find that fund openings are positively related to the level asset investment and the capital gains associated with it, there are more possibility of funds opening when size of investment is large, it also depends on past performances of the funds, low fee range and large families decision of opening funds which would develop their fame as brilliant performer by increasing there product line, large families innovate and smaller families imitate. Further more experience large families who have opened funds in the prior years are more prone to open new funds In this study of (Warner, 2001) study performance of mutual funds are measured, using imitated funds, holding actual fund characteristics. Non market factors are accounted in this study focusing on size of fund, momentum and book-to market. We find that these performance measure have very less aptitude to sense large magnitude for example 3% per year, of the abnormal performance of fund mainly when funds style individuality vary from those of value biased market portfolio, characteristics based methods to evaluate return to return size , momentum and book to market, can display self-effacing enhancement over regression procedures but these power evaluations may be misty the reason being the style-based funds show wrong measurement in both types of measures at times. Study also exhibits that funds stock trades can significantly improve power. Though there is large journalism on mutual fund performance measures but the aptitude to sense abnormal performance for an individual fund has established very less notice. Main communication of this study is that mutual fund performance measures are changeable and undependable can lead to wrong conclusions and abnorma l performance are hard to detect when they are present mainly when funds style individuality vary from those of value biased market portfolio. (Ruckman, 2003)mentioned In his study of Expense Ratios of North American Mutual Funds explains causes that decides Management expense Ratio in North American Mutual Fund market in order to explain the interest which apply on those Canadian funds. It is evaluated that Canadian MER is comparatively higher because of several reasons which include that on average Canadian funds are smaller having less competitor funds. The expense Ratio paid by Canadian shareholders is 50% more than what is paid by US investors because Canadian funds do not take benefits from economies of scale. With this there are bigger numbers of Index funds in US with lower MER which keep the average MER of US funds towards lesser rate as compared to Canadian one, with this higher clip fee charges of Canadian funds, higher Marketing expenses in Canada and labor charges are some of the other factors as well. Monopolistic competition use by Mutual fund industry allow different funds to have different characteristics to lay dissimilar expense ratio and this Monopolistic approach has advantage for bookkeeping for these two divergence. But bigger fund volume and size in United States show the way to economies of scale and the benefit of economy of scope is not prevailed by Canada due to smaller fund size and significant difference in the cost factors of the two entities. According to (Mark M. Carhart, 2002)Mutual fund Survivor offer detailed study of fund existence concerns with the help of (Carhart, 1997)data. Funds live many years depending upon their average multiyear performance, which suggest performance determination leads to mutual fund existence and disappearing of funds from market is the result of their poor multiyear performance. For US 1 year mutual funds the annual partiality increases from .07% as compare to the 1% for funds more t han 15 years which shows existence condition or survivor time deteriorates facts of persistent performance this survivorship condition also effects funds characteristics itself and also its performance , not only performance but persistence performance and may lead to fund erosion as many profitable datasets contains only fund which are currently in operations and for funds to be included in study or analysis requires to survive for minimum timeframe. (Jorion, 1999)Study of how equity market departure is accustomed upon a downward float in performance over time, also propose that survivor biases are expected to be a difficult for practical studies using international data. And study of (Mark M. Carhart, 2002) elaborate the importance of both the nature of the survival and the sample period span at the time of trying to illustrate survivorship biases. Taking survivor partiality sample (Carhart, 1997)expresses Persistence in Mutual Fund Performance and reveals that basic causes in returns and expenses of investments in stock entirely elucidate persistence in equity mutual funds and threat attuned returns. Hendricks, Patel and Zeckhausers (1993) Jegadeesh and Titman (1993), Study is typically obsessed by the one year momentum outcome but funds individually dont make higher returns by momentum approach in stocks. The only important determination not elucidate is strong underperformance by the awful returns in mutual funds. The outcome of which is not even supported by expert portfolio managers. Mutual funds persistent performance is not the sign of good stock picking capabilities but to certain extent its explained by common factors such as returns on stock, its expenses, and cost of transaction explains the certainty of returns. Study also reveals that performance of mutual fund is negatively related to factors such as portfolio turnover and load fess and Expense ratios come out to diminish performance a slight more than one-for-one. The top ten mutual funds earn back their investment overheads, the bottom ten funds conversely underperforms by about double their accounted investment overheads. Christopherson, Ferson, and Glassman (1995) reach parallel outcome about pension fund act. This article proposes three significant set of laws for maximizing returns. One of which is evading from investing in funds having poor performance another important point is funds with high income previous year have more higher expected returns the following year, but not in years from then on and third is the negative relation of performance with factors like expense ratio, transaction cost and load fees. CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODS 3.1 Method of Data collection: Secondary data was collected to test the hypothesis. Data collected from different resources are mentioned below: Mutual fund association of Pakistan. Karachi stock exchange of Pakistan. Asset Management Companies. State Bank of Pakistan Library. Interviewed with CEO of Safeway fund as well as MUFAP director. Interviewed with Finance Manager of JS Investments. Meeting with fund manager of UBL funds. 3.2 Sample Size Fifteen Mutual funds are included in this research in which 10 are Income funds and 5 are Money market funds. Data is collected from 2007 till 2009 as mostly fixed income /money market funds launched in this period. Only four income funds were operating in 2005 in Pakistan. Variables are mentioned below which used in this research. Fund Size 🙠 Assets under management): Net assets under management collected from each annual report also confirmed from MUFAP research department. Using a small sample of funds from 1974 to 1984, (Titman, 1989) find mixed evidence that fund returns decline with fund size. Fund size may be correlated with such other fund characteristics as fund age or expense ratio. Fund size (as measured by the log of total net assets under management Growth in the size of net assets initially provides cost advantages because growth increases net returns. That is, because transaction volume is relatively larger for the larger funds, brokerage commissions on the execution of trades for large firms are lower. In addition, the costs of access to data, research services, and support, as well as administrative and overhead expenses, do not rise in direct proportion to fund size. (Daniel C. Indro, 1999) Proposed hypothesis is mentioned below in which assumed a positive relationship betwe en fund size and return. Fund size has a positive relationship with the return. Return ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¾ Size Fund Age: As the name shows age mean since when the fund is operating in market. Age will be calculated by the number of years the fund is operational (rauf, 2009) As age increases it is deemed that efficiency increases therefore, returns are also supposed to increase resulting in a positive relationship. Age of funds has a positive relationship with return of fund. Size ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¾ Return Expense Ratio:The expense ratio is the portion of the funds assets paid for operating expenses and management fees, including 12b-1 fees, administrative fees, and other asset-based costs incurred by the fund but excluding brokerage costs (Daniel C. Indro, 1999) .Expense ratios are the costs they pay investment managers to become informed. Each funds return, expense ratio, turnover, and net assets for each year in the 1993-95 periods are av ailable from Morningstar. Expense ratio has been measured by mutual funds quarterly operating expenses (including management fees, distribution fees, and other expenses) as a percentage of the funds average net assets. If by spending more resources on active management, managers increase the return then expenses regression coefficient should be positive (Talat Afza) Blume, and Crockett (1970) reported an insignificant negative correlation between risk-adjusted mutual fund returns and expense ratios and Elton, Gruber, Das, and Hlavka (1993) found that risk-adjusted returns exhibit a negative correlation with expense ratio. Expense ratio relationship with return of fund. Expense ratio ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¾ 1/Return Return: Actual return mean profit over investment in a given period. In mutual fund it includes Dividend, capital gains, Interest realized in a year. Return can be calculated through different ways which is applicable in industry. Talat and Afza us ed the regression model of Philpot et al. (1998), which was particularly used for evaluating management effectiveness of US bond mutual funds. Model 1 (Philpot Model) Returnit = ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ± + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²1 (ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"ssetsit) + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²2 (Expenseit) + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²3 (Turnoverit) + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²7 (12B-1it) + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²4 (Loadit) + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²8 (Returnt-1, i) + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µit Where i, represents the fund t, represents the time period Korkeamaki and Smythe (2004) also used a similar regression model to explain the returns over time for Finnish mutual funds for the period 1993-2000. (Daniel C. Indro, 1999) used the 683 non indexed US equity fund annual return available on the database of morning star. Performance in terms of growth of Net Asset Value (NAV) per unit is commonly applied measure of performance of mutual funds. According to Firth (1977), the growth of NAV is measured in terms of rate of return over a period of evaluation using the following equation: R1 = D1 + (P1 P0) P0 R1 = Rate of Retun P1 = current price D1 = Dividend for the period P0= Old Price 3.3 Statistical Test and Instrument: The technical tool which used in this research in order to evaluate the performance of mutual funds is SPSS. Regression analysis is applied on 3 years Data (2007, 2008, and 2009) Dependent variable is Annual Return. Independent Variables Fund Size Fund age Expense Ratio CHAPTER 4 RESULTS 4.1 FINDINGS AND INTERPRETATIONS OF RESULTS: Table 4.1.1 : Correlation Result  Return Infund size Age Expenseratio Return Pearson Correlation 1 0.149 -0.106 -.666*  Sig. (2-tailed)  0.345 0.503 0.000  N 42 42 42 42      Infund size Pearson Correlation 0.149 1 0.151 -0.106  Sig. (2-tailed) 0.345  0.332 0.498  N 42 43 43 43      Age Pearson Correlation -0.106 0.151 1 0.393*  Sig. (2-tailed) 0.503 0.332  0.009  N 42 43 44 43      Expense ratio Pearson Correlation -.666* -0.106 0.393* 1  Sig. (2-tailed) 0.000 0.498 0.009   N 42 43 43 43 * Correlation is significant at the .01 level (2 tailed) Above mentioned table is showing the correlation analysis which basically tests the strength of the relationship between two variables without any interference of any other variables. Here researchers tested relationship between independent and dependent variables. Return is significantly correlated with Expense ratio whereas Age and Fund Size is not correlated with Return. Table 4.1.2 : Regression Result    Model Summary b   Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate 1 .683a 0.467 0.425 0.0244848      The model summary table reports the strength of the relationship between the model and the dependent variable. R, the multiple correlation coefficients, is the linear correlation between the observed and Model-predicted values of the dependent variable. Its large value indicates a strong relationship R square shows that 46.7% variance in return is accounted by the independent variables (fund size, age, and expense ratio) As a whole, the regression does a good job of predicting the performance. Nearly half the variation in Dependent variable (Return) is explained by the model. R Square, the coefficient of determination, is the squared value of the multiple correlation coefficients. It shows that about half the variation in time is explained by the model. R square Value explains that how well the independent variable is explains their impact on dependent variable. Table 4.1.3: ANOVA Result ANOVA b Model  Sum Of Squares df Mean Square F Sig        1 Regression 0.020 3 0.007 11.091 .000a Model  Sum Of Squares df Mean Square      1 Residual 0.023 38 0.001  Total 0.043 41  The ANOVA table tests the acceptability of the model from a statistical perspective. The Regression row displays information about the variation accounted for by the model The Residual row displays information about the variation that is not accounted by the model. The regression and residual sums of squares are approximately equal, which indicates that about half of the variation in return is explained by the model. The significance value of the F statistic is less than 0.05, which means that the variation explained by the model is not due to chance. While the ANOVA table is a useful test of the models ability to explain any variation in the dependent variable, it does not directly address the strength of that relationship. Table 4.1.4: Regression Coefficient Coefficients a   Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients  Model  B Std. Error Beta t Sig. 1 (Constant) 0.103 0.103  1.001 0.323  Infundsize 0.001 0.005 0.020 0.168 0.868  Expenseratio 0.015 0.003 -0.722 -5.532 0.000  Age 0.003 0.002 0.16 1.233 0.225 a. Dependent Variable: Return This table explained the regression coefficients and its significance while this regression equation will help in order to develop ordinary least square (OLS) equation which use to test the hypothesis of each independent variables 4.2: HYPOTHESES ASSESMENT SUMMARY Proposed hypothesis was: Fund size has a positive relationship with the return. Expense ratio has a negative relationship with return of fund. Age of funds positive relationship with return of fund. The P value for beta coefficient of fund size is .868 and expense ratio is .000 and 0.225 for age coefficient. Only expense ratio P value shows the relationship and we can accept the proposed hypothesis while fund size and age is not significant. Hypothesis Assessment Summary Test hypothesis t-Value Sig Result     ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Fund size has a positive relationship with the return 0.168 0.868 Rejected     ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Expense ratio relationship with return of fund -5.532 0.000 Accepted     ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Age of funds relationship with return of fund 1.233 0.225 Rejected     CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, FUTURE RESEARCH AND CONCLUSION: 5.1 Conclusion and Discussion: Although there are thousands of studies related to performance of mutual funds but in Pakistan there is relatively less studies specially in fixed income and money market fund. This study concluded to examine the relationship the impact of fund size, expense ratio and age on the performance of Mutual fund specifically for fixed income fund. This study consists of three years audited data of fixed income and money market mutual funds. Regression analysis used to observe the impact of fund size, expense ratio and age on the return. This study test the validity of the assumption that there is no correlation between the fund size, age, expense ratio and return , get pearsons correlation coefficient, P value for two tailed test of significance and the sample size. R square shows that 46.7% variance in return is accounted by the independent variables (fund size, age, and expense ratio) As a whole, the regression does a good job of predicting the performance. Nearly half the vari ation in Dependent variable (Return) is explained by the model. Our hypothesis was Fund size has a positive relationship with the return. Expense ratio has a negative relationship with return of fund. Age of funds positive relationship with return of fund. The P value for beta coefficient of fund size is .868 and expense ratio is .000 and 0.225 for age coefficient. Only expense ratio P value shows the relationship and can accept the proposed hypothesis while fund size and age is not significant. 5.2 Recommendation and future research After a thorough analysis of data, the following recommendations are made : Investors should focus on so many attributes while investing in mutual funds nor specially on Fund Size as in Pakistan ,investors whether corporates or individual usually invest in mutual funds due to their fund sizes. Old is Gold quote denotes that old mutual fund will give better returns comparitevly. Very Limited data available for Fixed income and money market fund as this type is new in industry after the crisis of stock exchange, Same study could be conduct for stocks fund for further clarification of fund size,Expense ratio and Age of fund. Choose those variables which are available in our mutual fund industry as there are so many technical things which are not present in our mutual fund industry. Fixed income ,Money Market and saving plus type of fund should be clubbed for larger studies and better results. CHAPTER 6 REFERENCES Carhart, Mark M.(1997) On Persistence in Mutual Fund Performance. The Journal of Finance, 57-82 Daniel C. Indro, C. X. (1999). Mutual Fund Performance: Does Fund Size Matter? Financial Analysts Journal , 55, pp. 74-87. Davis, James L (2001) Mutual Fund Performance and Manager Style. Financial Analysts Journal,19-27. Ippolito, Richard A. 1989. Efficiency with Costly Information: A Study of Mutual Fund Performance, 1965-1984. Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 104, no. 1 (February):1-23. Joseph Chen, H. H. (2004). Does Fund Size Erode Mutual Fund Performance? The Role of Liquidity and Organization. The American Economic Review , 94, 1276-1302. Mack, Sean Collins and Phillip (1997). The Optimal Amount of Assets under Management in the Mutual Fund Industry .Financial Analysts Journal, 67-73 Mark M. Carhart, J. N. (2002). Mutual Fund Survivorship. The Review of Financial Studies , 15, 1439-1463. Michael Adler (1983) Global Fixed-Income Portfolio Management 41-48 Rauf, t. and. (2009). performance evaluation of Pakistani mutual funds. Pakistan economic and social review , 47, 199-214. Ruckman, K. (2003). Expense Ratios of North American Mutual Funds. The Canadian Journal of Economics , 36, 192-223. Servaes, A. K. (1999). The Determinants of Mutual Fund Starts. The Review of Financial Studies , 12, 1043-1074. Sharpe, W. J., (1966). Mutual Fund Performance. Journal of Business, Vol 39, No. 1: 119-138 Sharpe, William F. 1966. Mutual Fund Performance. Journal of Business, vol. 39, no. 1 January):19-38. Sipra, N. (2004). Mutual Fund Performance in Pakistan. Centre for Management and Economic Research , 06-45. Sipra, Naim (2005). Mutual Fund Performance in Pakistan, 1995-2004. CMER Working Paper Series. Talat and Rauf .Perfomance evaluation of Pakistani Mutual Funds, 2009 .Pakistan economic and social review. Vol 47, No. 2, 199-214 Titman, M. G. (1989). Mutual Fund Performance: An Analysis of Quarterly Portfolio Holdings. The Journal of Business , 62, 393-416. Warner, S. P. (2001). Evaluating Mutual Fund Performance. The Journal of Finance , 56, 1985-2010.

Rise and Fall of the Roman Empire Essay - 1091 Words

The Romans were on one of the greatest people of all. They had power, wealth, and even a half of the world. They built one of the strongest and vast empire that world has ever seen. They came from nothing to something awesome. It started of as a city and ended up being one of the greatest empire of all. This essay is going to focus on the Roman Empire from the rise to the fall and the government, architecture, mythology, Family Structure, and Food of the Romans. As the story goes, Rome was founding in 753 B.C. by two brothers Remus and Romulus who were raised by wolves. The two brothers started fighting over the leadership of the land. Eventually Romulus killed Remus and took control own his own. The city was only a small settlement†¦show more content†¦The empire lasted for another 500 years until AD 476. During the first two centuries AD the empire flourished and added new territories, notably ancient Britain, Arabia, and Dacia (present-day Romania). People from the Roman provinces came to Rome, where they became soldiers, bureaucrats, senators, and even emperors. Rome developed into the social, economic, and cultural capital of the Mediterranean world. Despite the attention given to tyrant and other vicious leaders, most emperors ruled sensibly and competently until military and economic disasters brought on the political instability of the 3rd century A.D. The Romans are famous for many things. One thing is their adaptation and development of architecture from other civilization. From the Etruscans and early tribes the Romans got most of their basic architectural skills. From the Greeks some components of Roman architecture were adapted from the Greeks. The heart of Roman architecture was the Roman forum, which was being constructed under the rule of Octavian Caesar. Eventually the Roman architecture went into a stage in which all the buildings looked like the Greek buildings. The Romans were polytheistic. The Roman religion believed in many gods. They had similar beliefs to the Greek gods, but also big differences. The Roman mythology was to consist of twelve to thirteen main gods. Each of the gods has a function in the life of an everyday Roman that would require some sort of worshipping. TheShow MoreRelatedThe Rise and Fall of the Roman Empire Essay1041 Words   |  5 PagesThe era dominated by Roman empire is one the most well-known and influential periods of history, home to famous names from Julius Caesar to Jesus Christ. At its height, Rome’s territory stretched from the Atlantic coastline to the Middle East, reigning over 60 million people, one-fifth of the population of the ancient world. However, the Roman empire’s treatment of their conquered people’s and their own citizens ultimately led to the permanent downfall of Rome. Even in the century before theRead MoreThe Roman Empire And The Rise And Fall Of The Papacy1337 Words   |  6 Pagesestablishment of Christianity may be considered a very essential part of the history of the Roman Empire and the rise and fall of the papacy. The history of the Papacy began over two thousand years ago with the reign of John Paul II. Peter, the humble fisherman of Galilee and an Apostle of Jesus Christ, became the figure head and the basis for the institution that has outlined not only the Roman and Byzantine empires but also the Carolingian Gaul, medieval Germany, Spain, Britain, the Third Reich of HitlerRead MoreThe Rise and Fall of the Roman Empire Essay examples1385 Words   |  6 Pagesrather than conquered provinces. The only threats that ever came were from the unorganized barbarian tribes whos conquest brought nothing to the Empire. (Mahoney, 2001) The rise of the Roman Empire had many contributors. These factors would include strength in the military, society, leadership, religious, and architectural aspects of the Roman Empire. The Roman army was the largest of the group though. The army was at first only meant to defend the city of Rome but later set out to conquer. The armyRead MoreThe Fall and Rise of the Roman Empire Essay637 Words   |  3 PagesHow powerful the Roman Empire was! Rome the ultimate country of its time slowly declined and vanished from our world. After starting with a small settlement off the Tiber River in Italy Rome expanded its borders and claimed territory around the entire Mediterranean and more. Rome also lasted for over a thousand years elapsing over late B.C.E and early C.E. In spite of all that, Rome was far from perfect. This powerful state was brought to its collapse through challenges that would be cataclysmicRead MoreEssay on The Rise and Fall of The Roman Empire1033 Words   |  5 Pagesth e greatest and most predominant empires ever built that controlled and reined over much of the entire continent of Europe is known as the Roman Empire. The Romans were beyond the most tactical and strategic army, and obtained the most authoritative military control throughout ancient history. The Roman Empire was not only a militia of brute force and authority, but their political systems also were amongst the most developed and functional governances. The Romans contained a civic virtue, which wasRead MoreThe Rise of the Papacy948 Words   |  4 PagesThis paper will look into the primary reasons for the rise of the Roman papacy to power, and a few of the many things that aided the papacy in getting there. The fall of the Roman Empire is clearly a key factor in the rise of the papacy, so a look into the factors that caused the fall of the Roman Empire is essential. Secondly, a look into how the church positioned itself, to step into the vacuum of power left behind by the fall of t he Roman Empire will prove to be needed. Lastly, there will be a briefRead MoreEssay on His 112/ the Crisis of the Third Century1314 Words   |  6 Pages His/112 September 2 2011 The Crisis of the Third Century The Crisis of the Third Century was the era in which the Roman Empire almost collapsed under the many myriad of pressures including economic depression, civil war, plague and invasion. Because war was expensive, the Roman Empire had to increase taxes and this caused for many of the Romans to be upset and for the economy to be in a crisis. Revolts were also started because many of the civilians retaliated back because ofRead MoreThe Rise And Fall Of Empires1580 Words   |  7 Pagesthesis that the rise and fall of empires was due to tolerance, inclusion, difference, and diversity is shown to be true of the Roman Empire because of the way that tolerance allowed and caused the empire to rise, enter its golden age, and fall. The Roman Empire was a â€Å"hyperpower† that lasted from 44 BCE to 476 CE. The empire contained Western, Southern, and Eastern Europe, along with North Africa; thus, there was an abundance of culture from many different conquered groups. Romans wante d to make theseRead MoreThe Fall Of The Roman Empire846 Words   |  4 PagesFinal Fall 2014 A1. For an empire that lasted nearly 500 years, the fall of the Roman Empire was influenced by various different events. Four troubled ingredientes lead to the demise of the the greatest empire of all time; politics, money, social, and war. It is important to note that the fall of the Roman Empire does not mean that the romans lost everything, it is just a reference to the fall of the western roman empire. One of the causes of the fall of the west was that of the rise of theRead MoreThe Fall Of The Roman Empire856 Words   |  4 PagesAlthough it was believed that the Roman Empire would never come to an end, inevitably it fell. The Roman Empire is an extremely historic empire that left a massive legacy behind. It collapsed during the fifth century. The empire was having serious military struggles. They received threats from other European tribes along with diminished military funding. A military who does not have proper funding will slowly fall apart. Other than the military, th e Roman Empire had a few key social and cultural

Background Of Kurnia Insurance Accounting Essay Example For Students

Background Of Kurnia Insurance Accounting Essay One of the major constituents in Malayan Financial Reporting Standard 101 is fiscal statements. The fiscal statements are a structured representation of the fiscal place and fiscal public presentation of an entity. The aim of fiscal statement is to supply information about the fiscal place, fiscal public presentation and hard currency flow of an entity that is utile to a broad scope of users in doing economical determinations. Fiscal statements besides show the consequence of the direction s quality of the resources delegated to it. To run into the aim, fiscal statements supply information about an entity s: Assetss ; Liabilitiess ; Equity ; Income and disbursals, including additions and losingss ; Contributions by and distributions to proprietors in their capacity as proprietors ; and Cash flow. A complete set of fiscal statements comprises: A statement of fiscal place as at the terminal of the period ; A statement of comprehensive income for the period ; A statement of alterations in equity for the period ; A statement of hard currency flows for the period ; Notes, consisting a sum-up of important accounting policies and other explanatory information ; and A statement of fiscal place as at the beginning of the earliest comparative period when an entity applies an accounting policy retrospectively or do a retrospective restatement of points in its fiscal statements, or when it reclassifies points in its fiscal statements. An entity may utilize rubrics for the statements other than those used in this criterion. There are some general characteristics that must be obeys by every fiscal studies harmonizing to MFRS 101. Fair presentation and conformities with MFRSs Fiscal statements shall show reasonably the fiscal place, fiscal public presentation and hard currency flow of an entity. Fair presentation requires the faithful representation of the effects of minutess, other events and conditions in conformity with the definitions and acknowledgment standards for assets, liabilities, income and disbursals set out in the MFRSs. Traveling concern When fixing fiscal statements, direction shall do an appraisal of an entity s ability to go on as a traveling concern. An entity shall fix fiscal statements on a traveling concern footing unless direction either intends to neutralize the entity or to discontinue trading, or has no realistic option but to make so. The entity shall unwrap every uncertainnesss and facts that may do the entity can non fix the fiscal statement with traveling concern. Accrual footing of accounting AnA entityA shallA prepareA itsA financialA statements, A exceptA forA cashA flow information, utilizing the accrual footing of accounting. When the accrual footing of accounting is used, an entity recognises points as assets, liabilities, equity, income and disbursals when they satisfy the definitions and acknowledgment standards for those elements in the MFRSs. Materiality and collection An entity shall show individually each material category of similar points. An entity shall show individually points of a dissimilar nature or map unless they are immaterial. Offseting An entity shall non countervail assets and liabilities or income and disbursals, unless required or permitted by MFRS. Frequency of describing An entity shall show a complete set of fiscal statements at least yearly. When an entity changes the terminal of its coverage period and nowadayss fiscal statements for a period longer or shorter than one twelvemonth, an entity shall unwrap. Comparative information An entity shall unwrap comparative information in regard of the old period for all sums reported in the current period s fiscal statements, except when MFRSs permitted or required non to make so. An entity shall include comparative information when it is relevant to an apprehension of the current period s fiscal statements. Consistency of presentation An entity shall retain the presentation and categorization of points in the fiscal statements from one period to the following unless it is evident, following a important alteration in the nature of the entity s operations or a reappraisal of its fiscal statements, that another presentation would be more appropriate holding respect to the standards for the choice and application of accounting policies in MFRS 108 or MFRS requires a alteration in presentation. .u49438d9ddf5aa3983e022cfb3fb4819b , .u49438d9ddf5aa3983e022cfb3fb4819b .postImageUrl , .u49438d9ddf5aa3983e022cfb3fb4819b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u49438d9ddf5aa3983e022cfb3fb4819b , .u49438d9ddf5aa3983e022cfb3fb4819b:hover , .u49438d9ddf5aa3983e022cfb3fb4819b:visited , .u49438d9ddf5aa3983e022cfb3fb4819b:active { border:0!important; } .u49438d9ddf5aa3983e022cfb3fb4819b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u49438d9ddf5aa3983e022cfb3fb4819b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u49438d9ddf5aa3983e022cfb3fb4819b:active , .u49438d9ddf5aa3983e022cfb3fb4819b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u49438d9ddf5aa3983e022cfb3fb4819b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u49438d9ddf5aa3983e022cfb3fb4819b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u49438d9ddf5aa3983e022cfb3fb4819b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u49438d9ddf5aa3983e022cfb3fb4819b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u49438d9ddf5aa3983e022cfb3fb4819b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u49438d9ddf5aa3983e022cfb3fb4819b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u49438d9ddf5aa3983e022cfb3fb4819b .u49438d9ddf5aa3983e022cfb3fb4819b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u49438d9ddf5aa3983e022cfb3fb4819b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Historical Essay The Bubonic PlagueB ) Explain the background of the company. Background of Lonpac Insurance Bhd. Lonpac Insurance berhad is incorporated in Malaysia on July 1994, which is the name, is shortcut from London A ; Pacific Insurance Company Berhad. In 1 may 1999, Lonpac insurance become the general insurance concern. The company operates of 21 subdivisions in Malaysia and besides have foreign subdivision in Singapore. The paid-up capital of the company is RM 200,000,000 comprising of 200,000,000 ordinary portions of RM 1.00 each. In September 2005, Lonpac has reaffirmed by Rating Corporation berhad to be general insurance strength evaluation AA because reconfirming its dependability and fiscal stableness in the insurance industry. Besides that, in September 2011, the A.M. Best Co. has affirmed the fiscal strength evaluation of A- and issuer recognition evaluation ( ICR ) of A- to Lonpac, because lonpac is ability to derive market portion underwriting public presentation and regardless of the competitory operating environment in its nucleus markets, viz. Malaysia and Singapore. Background of Kurnia Insurance 30th December 1978 is the integrated of the Kurnia Insurans Berhad. The kurnia insurance company which is bargains of present proprietors in 1991 it is in the present form and has another name, industrial and commercial insurance. Kurnia insurance in Malaysia is the most of the successful insurance companies. The success can be founded from the carnival of concern patterns which is offers concern chances service and protect the legitimate involvements of policyholders. With the sum of capitalisation between RM 600milion and the entire plus around RM2bilion in the kurnia insurance stands as stableness and strength. Besides that, kurnia besides boasts the extended into the societal web in industry ; with the one-year turnover in surplus of RM 1 billion and aim force in 5500 the state. In the Malaysia insurance market, kurnia expect to lifting unchecked competition already mortician in several of protective steps. Kurnia steadfastly believes that e-commerce will convey Kurnia to a highe r degree of public presentation and quality of service to its clients, concern spouses and agents in line with its slogan Excellence in Service . One prevailing move is strategizing towards e-commerce and prehending a outstanding place by being the precursor in supplying online insurance services.